Greg Norman is partnering with Verizon, Club Car and GPSi to bring a new technology platform to golf carts that features enhanced music, video and interactive capability. By Jason Scott Deegan. John DeCastro of Bushnell Golf talks new rangefinder technology, music capabilities. Musical golf courses. Courtesy of Pinehurst Resort. The new short course at Pinehurst, The Cradle, is in the center of the action at Pinehurst Resort, right next to the new putting course, Thistle Dhu.
Courtesy of Pinehurst. A well-stocked beverage cart is on hand to fuel golfers walking The Cradle. Trends Gear. Jason Scott Deegan. Jason Scott Deegan has reviewed more than 1, courses and golf destinations for some of the industry's biggest publications. Follow him on Instagram at jasondeegangolfadvisor and Twitter at WorldGolfer. Art Commented on September 8, AM. Report Share. Kathy Commented on July 25, AM.
Frank Commented on July 11, PM. Roger Commented on July 2, AM. Richard Commented on July 1, PM. Michael Commented on July 1, AM. Give me a break! Why is music needed on the course? Want music, go to the bar or a concert. Tim Commented on June 28, PM. Howie Commented on June 27, PM. Larry Commented on June 26, AM. Tore Commented on June 26, AM. Load More. More from the author. The best golf resorts for using your Marriott Bonvoy reward points. More than golf resorts can be booked using your Bonvoy rewards.
We break down where you can go and our favorite properties to use your points. Playing golf at night is a fun experience everyone should try. Arizona's 25 best golf resorts. It's the world's ultimate desert golf destination home to over 50 stay-and-play options. Where should you stay on your next Arizona trip? A painful lesson: Waiting for the putt to drop. Golf can feel cruel when the ball hangs on the lip of the hole. It's even more so when a penalty's involved.
Dressing up for work is a Cool Golf Thing. By Tim Gavrich. Comfort stations: Where luxury golf meets free food and drink. Comfort stations have become the new norm at exclusive private clubs like The Summit, which makes its PGA Tour debut this weekend. Civilians welcome at these top accessible military golf courses. Several studies have shown increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system with fast-tempo music [ 4 ]. Conversely, listening to sedative music can lead to decreased heart rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure, indicating an increase in parasympathetic activity [ 5 ].
Music may also influence arousal if it evokes an extra-musical association that either inspires physical activity or promotes relaxation [ 6 ]. Mood and feeling states during training exercise tend to be more positive under music compared to no-music conditions [ 7 ].
Researchers have attempted to tease out which particular aspects of music influence emotional states in listeners. Two key elements are tempo and mode i. While fast tempo music has been associated with enhanced athletic performance, golf may warrant different musical qualities for optimal results.
Aiming and shooting sports, such as golf, require a relatively low level of physiological arousal coupled with a low level of cognitive anxiety [ 1 ]. Slower tempo music has been associated with decreased psychological and physiological arousal, as well as reduced anxiety [ 9 , 10 ]; however, more research is needed to explore the types and perceived functions of music use among golfers who are listening to music in real-world settings. Humans have an innate tendency to synchronize movement with rhythms.
One obvious example of this is our natural tendency to tap our feet when listening to music [ 11 ], or to synchronize our walking or running stride with a musical beat [ 12 ]. The synchronous application of music in a sport setting has an ergogenic work-enhancing effect on performance [ 13 ] and is associated with better running economy [ 7 ]. Timing is critical in the generation of coordinated motor actions [ 14 ].
Indeed, at its essence, a golf swing is the result of a complex sequence of precisely timed muscle contractions. Timing and rhythm go hand in hand, yet there is limited systematic research on the use of music in sport skill learning and performance. This is despite findings supporting the positive effect of rhythmic accompaniment in other areas, such as the development of fundamental motor skills in young children [ 15 ] and gait training in stroke patients [ 16 ]. Synchronized metronome training SMT has been used in a variety of sports settings, including tennis and golf.
A follow-up study indicated that improved motor timing, as an effect of SMT, led to a more coordinated and dynamic swing performance, with decreased variability in the temporal structure of the swing motion. Sonification of movement, which involves digitally transforming human movement data into sound, emerged in the motor skill learning literature as an effective method of providing concurrent augmented feedback [ 18 ]. For example, motor learning in an indoor rowing task was significantly enhanced by means of real-time movement sonification, when compared to visual feedback and to audiovisual feedback with natural movement-attended sounds [ 19 ].
Sonification of movement might be advantageous to metronome training as it can also have a motivational effect and shows potential for use in movement error detection [ 20 ]. Athletes also appear to prefer the esthetic qualities of music or natural sounds over pure tone [ 21 ]. Given the natural synchronization effects of music, it is possible that music might elicit performance benefits in golf with regard to swing timing and tempo.
Attention refers to the allocation of limited-capacity mental resources to processing [ 22 ]. In a sport setting, and particularly in golf, there is considerable evidence that directing attention externally to the effect of a movement e. Music is considered to be a distractive stimulus that can facilitate external attentional focus by occupying limited channel processing capacity, thereby distracting the listener from internal sensations [ 25 ].
Although the vast majority of research findings support this hypothesis, qualitative data suggest considerable variability in how people use music during exercise [ 26 ]. Moreover, the use of music to block external distractions may simultaneously promote sustained attention on the task at hand. The purpose of the study was to gain a better understanding of music use among golfers using a semi-structured interview guide derived from an empirically supported framework of the effects of music on sport performance.
The subjective nature of music perception and preference appears to require subtle methods of investigation [ 28 ]. The current study aimed to address two research questions:.
Participation was based on the following criteria: adult golfers who reported using music regularly i. Three participants self-identified as Asian and seven identified as Caucasian. After participants provided informed consent, semi-structured interviews were conducted in-person by the primary researcher with all 10 participants.
Interviews were then transcribed verbatim and member-checked by participants for accuracy. All participants confirmed that their original responses accurately reflected their attitudes and experiences related to their music use in golf. After data collection was complete, a qualitative research team was assembled to analyze the participant responses.
The development of the interview protocol and data analysis procedures are outlined in the following sections. Given that, to our knowledge, only one study to date examined music use in golf [ 2 ], literature in the general area of music use in sport was reviewed.
These questions related to performance, music choice, attention, affect, effort, tempo, skill acquisition, and imagery. Consistent with recommendations by Hill [ 31 ], additional probes were considered in advance; the interviewer also created spontaneous probes during the semi-structured interview process to gather a breadth and depth of information. The interview guide was pilot-tested with a golfer who was not included in the study [ 32 ]. Consensual qualitative research CQR [ 31 ] was the qualitative methodology used in this study.
The CQR method incorporates elements of several qualitative approaches e. The primary research team consisted of two year-old Caucasian females, a year-old Caucasian male, and a year-old Caucasian male. A tenured faculty member from the field of sport and exercise psychology who was not a member of the primary research team provided guidance as an external expert researcher. Another tenured faculty member with expertise in sport psychology and CQR was recruited for the role of external auditor [ 32 ].
Prior to data analysis, the primary research team met to discuss biases. Members of the research team identified as former college athletes football, rowing, volleyball, wrestling but none were collegiate golfers. Assumptions about golf and golfers, as well as the use of music in sport, were discussed. Researcher biases were continually checked throughout the CQR process to increase transparency and awareness amongst the research team [ 31 ]. Team members were trained in CQR methodology and discussed any questions or concerns with the primary researcher.
The four members of the primary research team read each of the transcriptions individually to become fully immersed in the data. After independently coding the data, the research team met on multiple occasions to reach consensus on emergent domains [ 31 ].
Next, research team members returned to the transcripts to abstract core ideas from participant responses. Core ideas represent common phrases that remain as close to participant wording as possible, in order to reduce misinterpretations, assumptions, and redundancy [ 32 ].
Two researchers reread each transcription individually to review core ideas and domains, serving as internal auditors during the case analysis process. The team then met to assign core ideas to respective domains, moving through multiple iterations and making revisions when agreed upon by the team. The next step consisted of a cross-analysis procedure, in which the research team developed categories within domains across cases [ 31 ]. The researchers intentionally returned to the raw data frequently, to ensure accurate placement of categories and domains.
Discrepancies were discussed and codes revised based on mutual agreement. At this point, the external auditor reviewed the cross-analysis and provided feedback on the generated domains, core ideas, and categories. Several revisions were made based on feedback from the external auditor and a cross-analysis was conducted to determine the final categorization structure. Semi-structured interviews and CQR analysis indicated a multifaceted functionality of music use among golfers.
Six domains emerged: 1 tempo, 2 attention, 3 physiological regulation, 4 psychological regulation, 5 effects of music on performance perceptions, and 6 to use or not to use. Firstly, findings regarding music preferences among participants are summarized.
Then, the domains and categories are presented, organized by general responses endorsed by all, or all but one; 9—10 participants , typical responses endorsed by more than half; 6—8 participants , and variant responses endorsed by less than half, but at least two; 2—5 participants.
Domains and categories are described and illustrated using core ideas and participant quotations when appropriate. General and typical responses are reported in the results section, while all responses are outlined in Table S1 Supplementary Materials. She was asked to respond based on her knowledge and experience of using music regularly during her competitive career, which ended approximately 1 year prior.
While golfers differed slightly in their frequency of music use, all participants were considered to be regular listeners of music in golf for at least 2 years at the time of data collection, granting them inclusion in the study.
When asked their preferred genre for golf music, participants varied in their responses, with some golfers endorsing more than one genre. Participants identified a connection between the function of their music use in golf and musical tempo or beat. Two categories, mental synchronization general and physical synchronization typical effects emerged from the findings.
Mental synchronization. In general, participants indicated a preference for a slow-to-moderate tempo music when playing golf. One participant indicated the following:. Slow down everything. Physical synchronization. Physical i. A participant explained how he selected music e. Once you hear a song and you feel the melody or rhythm then you know you have to, well you just associate it with golf automatically.
Participants identified music as facilitating both an associative and dissociative attentional focus in relation to performance, constituting two categories within this domain.
Responses indicated that music can help narrow focus to helpful thoughts about the task at hand, while simultaneously functioning as a distraction from unhelpful thoughts or other people, working as both an associative and dissociative mechanism congruent with findings of Gabana et al.
Music can also serve as a memory cue for pleasant golf-related or golf-unrelated memories variant. Music functions as an associative mechanism. Illustrating this function, a participant commented,. Music functions as a dissociative mechanism. Participants also described using music to dissociate from unhelpful thoughts or distractions e. What music do you listen to on the first tee to help you prepare for your upcoming round? Topics: Sponsors. Adapting to a new generation of golfers.
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