A feeling of empathy is formed between nurses and patients as part of patient advocacy. Previous studies have not provided any support regarding empathy and its relationship with patient advocacy, but the common elements of empathy, communication, and advocacy cannot be denied. For example, a study in reported that individuals with higher capacity for empathy can more easily understand and accept the perspectives of others Tomaschewski Barlem et al.
The study by Jafari Manesh et al. The findings of Negarandeh et al. In the Iranian culture, almost everything, including ethics and values, is influenced by religion. Thus, personal value in this culture refers to religious beliefs.
Protection of the vulnerable and doing all that is in your power for others is ordered in Islam. However, the data presented in the current text did not indicate this subject explicitly. It seems that empathy in patient advocacy in nursing is a relatively new issue that is largely dependent on the social context of the Iranian society, including religious background, and perhaps more specific studies can confirm or repudiate this matter.
Patient advocacy is a social issue which can be evaluated from personal and professional aspects. In this study, patient advocacy in nursing included the two themes of empathy with patients and protecting patients.
Protection of patients in previous studies has been repeatedly defined as an important component of patient advocacy. Nevertheless, empathy with the patient is a relatively new idea and it seems that a more thorough study on this topic can help the better understanding of this relationship.
It is suggested that further studies be conducted on the relationship between empathy and patient advocacy. Future studies may be performed on the effect of religion on patient advocacy, especially in religious societies.
Our sincere appreciation goes to all the nurses who participated in this study. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. J Med Ethics Hist Med. Find articles by Fazlollah Ahmadi. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Box: Tel: 98 21 Fax: 98 21 ri.
Received Nov 17; Accepted May All rights reserved. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract One of the advanced nursing care procedures emphasized by nursing organizations around the world is patient or nursing advocacy. Participants 15 nurses selected through purposeful sampling to participate in the study.
Data collection and analysis A total of 18 semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted from June until June to collect the data; 3 interviews were repeated. The interview texts were divided into compact semantic units.
The themes were extracted from the interviews. Ethical considerations This study and its ethical considerations were approved by and the necessary permits were obtained from the Research Deputy of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Results In the present study, 15clinical nurses with an average work experience of 8 years and 3 months and mean age of Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants. Open in a separate window.
Table 2 Results of themes and categories. Theme Categories Empathy with the patient Understanding the patient's condition Showing compassion Feeling close to the patient Protecting the patient Taking care of the patient Being a patron to the patient Commitment to completing the care period Protecting patient rights. Discussion The aim of patient advocacy, as a fundamental aspect of nursing care, is to provide high quality health care and protect the rights of the clients Conclusion Patient advocacy is a social issue which can be evaluated from personal and professional aspects.
Conflict of Interest statement No conflict of interest has been declared by the author s. References 1. Hanks RG. The lived experience of nursing advocacy. Nurs Ethics. The voice of Florence Nightingale on advocacy. Online J Issues Nurs. Kalaitzidis E, Jewell P. The concept of advocacy in nursing: a critical analysis. Health Care Manag Frederick ; 34 4 — Johnstone MJ. Nursing and justice as a basic human need.
Nurs Philos. Zomorodi M, Foley BJ. Roush K. Speaking out on social justice. Am J Nurs. Goodman T. The future of nursing: an opportunity for advocacy. AORN J. Maryland M, Gonzalez R. Patient advocacy in the community and legislative arenas. Nursing beliefs and actions in exercising patient advocacy in a hospital context. Development and testing of an instrument to measure protective nursing advocacy. Swedish nurses' perceptions of influencers on patient advocacy: a phenomenographic study.
Factors that influence patient advocacy by pain management nurses: results of the American society for pain management nursing survey. Pain Manag Nurs. The meaning of patient advocacy for Iranian nurses. Defining patient advocacy in the post-quality chasm era. Iranian intensive care unit nurses' moral distress: a content analysis. Clinical ethics support services: an evolving model.
Nurses wear all of these hats at one time or another — sometimes all for the same patient. Advocacy is as essential to the role of a nurse as any other aspect of nursing care. Interacting with patients more than any other healthcare provider, nurses are in the perfect position to serve as patient advocates. Nurses use a number of techniques and follow many principles to be excellent patient advocates. That advocacy involves supporting patients in many ways. According to the Code of Ethics, all nurses must care for patients "with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes or the nature of health problems.
Nurses have a responsibility to advocate for equal access to care. Everyone deserves access to the same level of attention and compassion. Race, religion, socioeconomic status or other criteria should not be a factor in healthcare. Nurses can and should advocate for healthcare equality. They should encourage others not to discriminate and model this principle themselves. Sadly, there is a great deal of suffering that occurs in the healthcare setting.
As a result, patient advocates must pick up on body language and other nonverbal cues to getto the bottom of what patients are thinking and ask the right questions. Advocates work with people who are often dealing with tough situations. Their clients may be confronting pain, crises, and confusion.
Patient advocates need to listen and show empathy, as well as offer emotional support when appropriate. Advocates must coordinate the many moving parts of each case they handle. This requires staying organized and managing their time well. Whether trying to help clients find medical coverage or dispute claim denials, patient advocates must think analytically and successfully gather the right information.
While healthcare advocates may have areas of specialization, their cases often require them to work across the spectrum of advocacy services.
Facilitation sits at the heart of healthcare advocacy. Patient advocates do not make decisions for their clients, rather they make them aware of their options. They cultivate a better understanding of the healthcare system by giving their clients background knowledge.
They offer the type of support that helps patients get their questions answered and their problems addressed. Nonetheless, the need for individuals exclusively focused on patient advocacy has become clear. Hospital patient advocates work as ombudsmen — support people who help address complaints and concerns — and serve patients within hospitals and other healthcare facilities.
Their duties include:. Private case managers provide direct patient advocacy. They interact with patients, families, doctors, healthcare facilities, hospitals, and insurance companies.
Private case managers either work independently or for advocacy organizations that assign them to client cases. Private case managers may also advocate for patients who cannot get a diagnosis for their condition or cannot locate the necessary treatment. Government patient advocates work within state health systems. They access services from Medicaid and Medicare.
They also handle some of the same case management support offered by direct case managers. Healthcare advocacy can supply comfort, empowerment, and support to patients during challenging times.
Cultivating the skills and knowledge needed to guide and advocate for patients effectively requires the right education.
Learn more about how an Online Master of Health Administration from Tulane University prepares graduates to help patients navigate the healthcare system and promote their rights. Elder, What Is Elder Care? Patient Advocate, Private Case Management. What Is a Healthcare Advocate? Healthcare Advocacy on a Large Scale Healthcare advocacy on a large scale guides lawmakers and leaders who form healthcare policy. It supports a well-informed decision-making process regarding programs that affect: Healthcare providers Patients Healthcare environments Broad healthcare advocacy encourages reforms that put the newest research into practice and cultivate better partnerships within the healthcare industry.
For example: How can patients with dementia adequately arrange their own transition to a memory care unit? While both ADN and BSN nurses are prepared to be patient advocates, an education at the baccalaureate level may strengthen advocacy skills.
This is crucial because the healthcare system continues to become more complicated for patients to navigate.
Nurses who support the interests, decisions and safety of patients and their family members are advocates. Advocacy is a fundamental component of the nursing practice, so it is a nurse's responsibility to look out for the health and welfare of their patients.
Healthcare organizations such as the American Nurses Association and the International Council of Nurses uphold advocacy as a key role in nursing. RNs work directly with patients, which allows them to build professional relationships.
Through daily contact, nurses learn about a patient's preferences and values. Life-support technology and innovative techniques in healthcare pose risks and ethical questions for patients and their families. Adding to the confusion is the movement of patients from hospitals to ambulatory care facilities and the introduction of multiple healthcare professionals.
Nurses can help patients and family members decide on the best course of action. They may help patients by educating them about their illnesses or injuries, providing facts about treatments and guiding them through procedures.
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