Pat Steir's painting style comes out of the minimalist tradition of "less is more," which she combined with the ideas of painters from the Abstract Expressionist movement such as Jackson Pollock and Hans Hoffman. An imitator of neither stylistic tradition, Steir charted her own individual course where the ideas from both traditions were assimilated and then "performed" by the artist.
The results of her paintings and prints have been likened to a variety of natural phenomena, waterfalls, sea mists, and stars, for example, that appear to emerge from the richly layered surfaces.
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The term umma initially rel'errcd to any ctlttttttttttily' t'illtt't umma in this sense can also mean organisation. It then became mOre exclusive in ctlttttolitlitltt' ll is llrt' The latter notion results from the interpretation of another verse lAli ,rltrrlrtrlc "lslam" that has made the term umma to mean cxclusivc:ly tltt' Mrts 'Imran, which designates the followers of Muhammad as the best com- lrrrr t.
Beforethecoming of Islam, communities tll'Aritbs wcte ptttr'ly munity ever to exist. The meaning can be widened to include civil society or rr rlr;rl,' which the Qur'an called the age of ". Islam based its communal strttclttt'c regarded as a means of knowing each other ta'arufl and cooperation, although rrr i0tl and righteousness, and hence the idea of the umma muslinrtr c:tttt't'1''t'tl ott in principle Islam teaches beyond nationality and tribe. On the other hand, modem Muslim sociologists trum of the people who belong to the category of umma displays extremely tr, Vt, rrsed it to refer to any nation or community, r not necessarily M tlslitr t' srrt'lt rich variation from time to time, ranging from a collection of small groups to.
Wahid explained, lrr llrr' The angle taken by Sydney in viewing the struggle of the Islamic masses from that r,rrrrirrg ,. It will also ,nl. Similarly, the concept of umma itself will be most decisive in llllf'ltl lltr'tr'liltr lr' rrlt.
The idea of the Islarltic rtttrttt,t determining the political dimensions of the struggle conducted, in the sense of the. Muslims could face a crisis of identity bclwct'tr lltt' lw loy. In other words, the concept of ,,,rrlrl alsoliveanormalpeacefullife,dependingortltowlltt'ytlr'ltrtt"rlrtlrlrlr'l umma had been compatible with the concept of nationalism by the time of the 1,rt'l what Islam means by an ideal community' establishment of Sarekat Islam which was set up after the days of Sarekat Westem and Muslim discourse on the Islamic wnnt t lttttl lltc ttrtllott "l'tlt' lr,rvt,clcarly demonstrated that the typical Orientalist colllctlliott lltltl Dagang Islam.
The accommodation of the concept of nationalism and the na- lr'l;rttr r. Noles In brief, despite differences in point of view, modern Muslim scholars ,!
The role of llrr. W'rltl l Nttltt"l r'. I lrrlrr. Hefircr I' lio and Patricia Horvatich eds. More focused attention has been given to the subject by r,r r' l. Qur'an, but then they became arabised mu'arrab.
See Khalid Abdunahman Al-. Brill, , p. Muhammad Hamidullah and M. L6turmy, Le Saint Qur'un llcirut: lliLrl , p. Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Tha Mttutittg pp. The wOrd ummawas ntll otlly ttsctl , pp. It was reported by Imarn lrl-lltrklllrr 6R. Serjeant,"Haram and Hawtah, the Secret Enclave in Arabia", in Abdunahman ,,,rr,l, "All members of my community will certainly cotnc illlo ltittltrllst" r'rr r'pl lltrr"r Badawi ed. Dawud Sulaiman, Sunan Abu Dawud, vol. Denny, "Ummah in the Constitution of Medin a" , p.
Ayuob, Tha 1rp. I Albany: StateUniversityol'Ncwyrrk prcss, , ', llrt. Denny, "ummah in the constitution of Medin a" , p. Esposito eds. J-Brill'l 07 ,pP l'1, Yahuda bani Auf 'umma! Ummah in the Constitution of Medina", p. Dallal, "ummah,', pp. For each one of you i. Ummah ,,tr't lteoples cambridge: HarvarduniversityPress, l9 t0 , pl. Nazih N. Ayubi, Overstating the Arab State, l',,lttrt t tttul lltliyiru. Since justice is a relative, flexible concept, the emphasis is on the character of '' l,rl,rrrrklirr Rakhmat, "Islam di Indonesia: Masalah Definisi"' in M' Arnicrr ltlis ctl l crsittllt' the leader imam or khalifa.
Ayubi, Political Islam: Religion and Politics, t,! Robert D. Hamid Algar Berkeley: Mizan Press, , p. Ummah or Nation: Identity Crisis in Contcmpontr'. Piscatori, Islam in a World of Nation-Stares, pp. Klrirf icl Abdurrahman. Ushul at-Tafsir wa Qawa'iduftz. Alrrlrrllirh YusLrf. The Meaning of The Holy Qur'an. Taurus, , pp. Ntttirttt ttttrl llr'li. New ,rl lflsri. I lrrrt lri19,. Al-Mu'jam al-Mufahras li Alfaz al-Qur'an.
The Reconstruction of Religious Thoughl in Islrttrt. Shaikh Muh. Ashraf Publisher.
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