The final compound that remains after evaporation is silver oxide. The process begins as a single silver ion is attracted to a single anion, forming a single formula unit of the two species. This formula unit is electronically neutral and has no ionic charge and therefore causes no repulsive force. The size of the particle growth is limited by the reduced mobility of the molecules as the water evaporates. What remains are particles of silver oxide whose diameter is 1 — 3 nanometers.
It is these particles that predominate in TEM images made of silver colloid solutions which have a high ionic content. A silver solution contains silver ions in solution with a solvent. The solvent is usually water. A solution which contains only silver ions and no silver particles is a silver solution. The nanometer size particles of silver possess an electric charge that results in mutual repulsion of the particles and causes them to be dispersed throughout the solution. This charge is called zeta potential and is negative.
A single silver atom can be considered to be an atomic-sized particle of metallic silver. It is the smallest size of silver matter that exists. The diameter of a single silver atom is 0.
While it is theoretically possible to have a particle of metallic silver that consists of a single atom, in practice particles are much larger and consist of many atoms. Just for reference, a particle one nanometer in diameter would consist of 31 silver atoms, and a 5 nm diameter particle would be about atoms while a 20 nm diameter particle would contain about , silver atoms.
Because single atoms do not possess a repulsive force , there is nothing to prevent the force of attraction from creating ever-larger particles from any available atoms in solution. Larger particles develop an electric double layer of ions surrounding the particle which causes a charge to form called zeta potential.
The zeta potential charge of particles in low ionic solutions is negative. The zeta potential creates a repulsive force that causes the particles to be repelled from each other and uniformly dispersed in the solution.
As long as the magnitude of the zeta potential is sufficient to produce a repulsive force that can overcome the force of attraction, the particles remain in suspension. The benefits of colloidal silver in the human body are produced by the nanometer sized metallic silver particles not the ions. In most colloidal silver products a large quantity of ionic silver is produced as a by-product of generating the silver particles.
The prominent methods of production are electrochemical processes using either low voltage DC current or high voltage AC. Both the AC and DC process may employ a constant voltage or a constant current source. Both the DC and the high voltage AC produce a significant percentage of the total silver as ionic. In some products claiming very high concentration levels, almost the entire silver content is ionic. To state the silver concentration in ppm without specifying what percentage is ionic is misleading to say the least.
Therefore, it is important to know what percentage of the silver concentration is ionic to properly evaluate the quality and effectiveness of the product. Upon ingestion, the ionic silver present in most colloidal silver solutions will immediately come into contact with the hydrochloric HCl acid that normally exists in the stomach to digest food. The chloride ion from the hydrochloric acid combines at once with the silver ion to form silver chloride, an insoluble silver compound.
Since hydrochloric acid does not dissolve metallic silver, the silver particles remain unaffected by the stomach acid. Some of the remaining silver particles , due to their nanometer size will pass easily through the lining of the gastro-intestinal tract and will be absorbed into the bloodstream where they will circulate and come in contact with pathogens which will be killed on contact.
The silver chloride that precipitates in the stomach consists of large molecules. Silver chloride that is not absorbed into the bloodstream will be passed out of the body with solid waste. Silver chloride that does get absorbed through the lining of the GI tract into the bloodstream will be removed by the kidneys and passed out of the body in urine. Colloidal silver can enter the bloodstream directly by at least two different means.
The first is through the lungs by using a nebulizer to convert the colloidal silver into micron size droplets and then inhaling these droplets. The small size of the silver particles and silver ions will pass through the lung tissue directly into the bloodstream.
Once in the bloodstream, the particles will circulate with the blood but the ions will immediately combine with the plentiful supply of chloride ions in the serum.
Human blood serum contains a large quantity of sodium and potassium chloride. The chloride ions are present in the serum in high concentrations , typically ppm. The chloride ions immediately combine with the silver ions to form silver chloride. The large silver chloride molecules will be removed from the bloodstream by the kidneys and passed out of the body in urine. The second way colloidal silver can pass directly into the bloodstream is by sublingual absorption.
The thin membranes under the tongue will pass the small particles and ions directly into the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, the ions will precipitate out as described above leaving the particles to circulate with the blood. Because the silver ions cannot exist for long in the human body regardless of the entry mechanism, they really represent an undesired byproduct that is passed from the body as waste. The ideal colloidal silver would maximize the percentage of particles and minimize the percent of ions.
Since typical colloidal silver products contain a very high percentage of ionic silver, there is a lot of potential for improvement by reducing the ionic content as close to zero percent as possible. To demonstrate ionic silver content, all that is needed, is a chloride ion source to be added to a small amount of colloidal silver.
Normal table salt is sodium chloride NaCl. When table salt is dissolved in water it decomposes into sodium ions and chloride ions. To demonstrate: Place a small amount ounces of colloidal silver in a clear glass.
Add a few grains of table salt. Observe that as the salt dissolves a white cloud of silver chloride forms in the solution. Eventually, the entire solution will turn cloudy. If more salt is added, the white silver chloride will become denser until all the silver ions have combined with the available chlorine ions. If no silver ions are present then no white cloud will form.
Particle surface area is the total surface area in square centimeters cm 2 of all the particles in one milliliter mL of colloid. These requirements are pointless in case of colloid silver products, they are relevant only to ionic silver solutions: Colloidal silver containing silver nanoparticles does not require to be stored in glass , it does not interact with plastic surface and thus can be delivered in transparent PET bottles enabling visual colour check.
Ionic silver , which is wrongly declared as colloidal by many producers, is photosensitive and interacts with plastic surface , therefore many companies use non-transparent glass bottles, that moreover do not allow to check the product colour. Electromagnetic field influences ionic silver , it has no negative effect on colloidal silver by our experience. Cooling of the colloid silver slowers agglomeration of particles and prolongs the shelflife of the product by our experience, please avoid freezing of the product.
Colourless products usually contain no nanoparticles or just a fraction of declared quantity - such products usually contain ionic silver which is photosensitive therefore stored in non-transparent bottles. Distribution and Storage.
Colloidal silver is distributed in form of stable dispersion in plastic canisters 10 L, ppm or in transparent PET bottles , or mL at various concentrations: ppm. Do not freeze or heat the product! Process within 6 months from the date of manufacture. If the anion providing the electron is a carbonate, carbonic acid is formed which lowers the pH of the solution during this process. Silver ions in a solution cannot exist without water, so when the water is evaporated the silver ions must combine with an available anion to form a compound.
The predominant anions present in a silver colloid solution are hydroxide and carbonate. The compounds thus formed are silver hydroxide and silver carbonate. Silver hydroxide is unstable and reduces to silver oxide and hydrogen. The silver carbonate will reduce to silver oxide and carbon dioxide. The final compound that remains is silver oxide. This process begins as a single silver ion is forced to combine with a single anion forming a single molecule of the compound.
The molecule has no ionic charge and therefore no repulsive force. The lack of repulsion causes the molecules to be attracted to each other causing them to aggregate and form small particles of the compound.
The size of the particle growth is limited by the reduced mobility of the molecules as the water evaporates. What remains is particles of silver oxide whose diameter is 1 — 3 nanometers. The nanometer size particles of silver possess an electric charge that results in mutual repulsion of the particles and causes them to be dispersed throughout the solution. While it is theoretically possible to have a particle of metallic silver that consists of a single atom, in practice particles are much larger and consist of many atoms.
Just for reference, a particle one nanometer in diameter would consist of 31 silver atoms, and a 5 nm diameter particle would be about atoms while a 20 nm diameter particle would contain about , silver atoms. The zeta potential creates a repulsive force that causes the particles to be repelled from each other and uniformly dispersed in the solution.
As long as the magnitude of the zeta potential is sufficient to produce a repulsive force that can overcome the force of attraction, the particles remain in suspension. By some definitions silver is considered a heavy metal, but it is also a noble metal. The noble metals are gold, silver, and the platinum group of six metals which includes platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, osmium, and iridium.
When used as dietary supplements the noble metals do not cause heavy metal poisoning. Silver Skin is not to be ingested! Upon ingestion, the ionic silver present in most colloidal silver solutions will immediately come into contact with the hydrochloric HCl acid that normally exists in the stomach to digest food. The chloride ion from the hydrochloric acid combines at once with the silver ion to form silver chloride, an insoluble silver compound.
Since hydrochloric acid does not dissolve metallic silver, the silver particles remain unaffected by the stomach acid. Some of the remaining silver particles, due to their nanometer size will pass easily through the lining of the gastro-intestinal tract and will be absorbed into the bloodstream where they will circulate and come in contact with pathogens which will be killed on contact. The silver chloride that precipitates in the stomach consists of large molecules. Silver chloride that is not absorbed into the bloodstream will be passed out of the body with solid waste.
Silver chloride that does get absorbed through the lining of the GI tract into the bloodstream will be removed by the kidneys and passed out of the body in urine. Colloidal silver can enter the blood stream directly by at least two different means. The first is through the lungs by using a nebulizer to convert the colloidal silver into micron size droplets and then inhaling these droplets. The small size of the silver particles and silver ions will pass through the lung tissue directly into the blood stream.
Once in the blood stream, the particles will circulate with the blood but the ions will immediately combine with the plentiful supply of chloride ions in the serum. Human blood serum contains a large quantity of sodium and potassium chloride. The chloride ions are present in the serum in high concentration, typically ppm. The chloride ions immediately combine with the silver ions to form silver chloride.
The large silver chloride molecules will be removed from the blood stream by the kidneys and passed out of the body in urine. The second way colloidal silver can pass directly into the blood stream is by sublingual absorption. The thin membranes under the tongue will pass the small particles and ions directly into the blood stream. Once in the blood stream, the ions will precipitate out as described above leaving the particles to circulate with the blood.
Because the silver ions cannot exist for long in the human body regardless of the entry mechanism, they really represent an undesired byproduct that is passed from the body as waste. The ideal colloidal silver would maximize the percentage of particles and minimize the percent of ions. Since typical colloidal silver products contain a very high percentage of ionic silver, there is a lot of potential for improvement by reducing the ionic content as close to zero percent as possible.
To demonstrate ionic silver content, all that is needed, is a chloride ion source to be added to a small amount of colloidal silver. Normal table salt is sodium chloride NaCl. When table salt is dissolved in water it decomposes into sodium ions and chloride ions. To demonstrate: Place a small amount ounces of colloidal silver in a clear glass.
Add a few grains of table salt. Observe that as the salt dissolves a white cloud of silver chloride forms in the solution. Eventually, the entire solution will turn cloudy. If more salt is added, the white silver chloride will become denser until all the silver ions have combined with the available chlorine ions. If no silver ions are present then no white cloud will form. Particle surface area is the total surface area in square centimeters cm2 of all the particles in one milli-liter mL of colloid.
The surface area is a calculated value based on the concentration of particles ppm and the mean diameter of the particles. The calculation assumes the particles are spherical. Particle surface area is inversely proportional to particle size, which means for a constant concentration of silver in the particles, the surface area increases as the particle size decreases.
In the chemical world, reactivity increases with increasing surface area. Therefore, the effectiveness of a colloid increases with decreasing particle size as the particle surface area increases.
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